Matt Heizman – Vice President, Product and Marketing Engineering, Kidde
Daniel Michael – Principal Engineer, Built Environment, UL Solutions
The eighth, ninth and 10th editions of UL 217, the Standard for Smoke Alarms, all introduce significant revisions to the testing requirements for smoke alarm performance. Each of these editions reflect advances in fire safety research and smoke alarm technology, aiming to improve detection accuracy, reduce nuisance alarms and enhance overall fire safety. As fire dynamics continue to evolve in modern built environments due to changes in construction materials, furniture and lifestyle habits, the latest standard editions enhance smoke alarm performance by requiring these devices to detect modern fires and alert occupants, allowing time to escape real-world fire conditions.
This article will examine the key changes introduced in these latest editions, their significance in fire safety, and their impact on manufacturers, consumers and the fire protection industry.
Background of UL 217
UL 217 was first published in the 1970s and has undergone multiple revisions to keep pace with advances in fire science, alarm technology and testing methodologies. Each revision addresses emerging challenges in fire detection, such as the increasing prevalence of synthetic materials in homes, that burn more rapidly and produce more toxic smoke than traditional materials such as wood and cotton.
The latest editions represent a significant advancement driven by extensive fire testing, real-world fire research and data collection. Developing new and revised requirements is achieved through a collaborative and consensus-based process involving a technical committee consisting of fire safety subject matter experts, manufacturers, code authorities, testing and standards organizations, consumers, and other interested parties.
Why was UL 217 revised?
The impetus for revising UL 217 came from the changing dynamics of home fires. Modern homes are often filled with synthetic materials, including plastics, foams and engineered wood — that can ignite quickly and produce toxic smoke. These materials burn faster than natural materials, reducing the time residents have to escape a fire.1
UL Solutions initiated a Smoke Characterization Project in 2006 in conjunction with the Fire Protection Research Foundation (FPRF) of the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) as a follow-up to a 2004 National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) study. The results of this research were the technical basis for revisions to UL 217 by the technical committee.
- Nuisance alarms: Older smoke alarms often trigger nuisance alarms due to cooking events, steam or dust
- Detection of smoldering fires: Smoldering fires produce hazardous smoke before flames appear. However, alarms using older detection technologies, such as ionization or photoelectric, sometimes fail to detect them quickly enough.
- Flaming fires with synthetic materials: Fires fueled by synthetic materials produce smaller smoke particles that can evade detection by older smoke alarm technology.
UL 217 was revised to address these challenges, helping to ensure that smoke alarms can reliably detect smoldering and flaming fires while reducing nuisance alarms.
Key changes to the eighth, ninth and 10th editions of UL 217
UL 217, eighth edition
The eighth edition of UL 217 includes essential updates to smoke alarm performance, testing protocols and design requirements:
1. New fire test scenarios
One of the most significant changes was the introduction of new fire test scenarios. These tests are designed to reflect the fire conditions typically found in modern homes:
- Smoldering polyurethane foam test: Polyurethane foam, commonly used in furniture, produces a lot of smoke during smoldering fires. Smoke alarms must now demonstrate their ability to detect this type of fire.
- Flaming polyurethane foam test: This test simulates a fast-growing fire fueled by polyurethane foam, which generates small, hard-to-detect smoke particles.
- Cooking nuisance alarm test: To address false alarms caused by cooking events, the standard introduces a test that exposes alarms to smoke from cooking scenarios. Alarms must avoid triggering unnecessarily while still being sensitive to actual fire conditions.
These tests assess that smoke alarms can effectively detect both smoldering and flaming fires while minimizing nuisance alarms that can lead to consumers’ becoming frustrated and potentially disabling the smoke alarms by removing batteries or removing the alarm entirely.
2. Advanced smoke sensing technology
To meet the new requirements of UL 217, manufacturers are increasingly adopting advanced smoke sensing technologies, such as:
- Multi-criteria detection: Many modern-day alarms employ unique detection capabilities, ranging from intelligent smoke sensing chambers to smoke sensors working in tandem with additional sensors, such as sensors for carbon monoxide or heat, all operating on different principles and parameters. The signals from all detection components are mathematically evaluated to determine when a smoke alarm notification signal is warranted. This multi-criteria approach can help improve alarm accuracy and reduce false alarms.
- Intelligent algorithms: New modern-day alarms use complex algorithms to analyze smoke particle size, density and behavior sensor outputs. By distinguishing between ordinary cooking smoke and real fire smoke, these alarms can help reduce nuisance alarms without compromising sensitivity or occupant safety.
3. Enhanced sensitivity and response times
The new requirements require smoke alarms to respond to both smoldering and flaming fires, which is critical for life safety. The updated testing protocols assess whether alarms activate within a specified timeframe, providing occupants with sufficient time to evacuate.
4. Durability and environmental testing
Performance requirements aim to address the durability of smoke alarms by evaluating the capability to withstand temperature fluctuations, high and low humidity conditions, and long-term exposure to dust or contaminants.
5. Protection against surges on commercial AC power lines
UL 217 also addresses electrical surges from events such as lightning strikes and overloaded circuits. The surge currents are replicated, assessing that the smoke alarm safely contains the hazard and does not become the source of a fire event.
UL 217, ninth edition
The ninth edition of UL 217 includes all of the vital new requirements as noted in the eighth edition, while addressing new performance tests, testing protocols and design requirements:
New fire test scenario
Go/no-go flaming polyurethane test: The cooking nuisance test is designed to help mitigate false alarm signals caused by cooking nuisance sources. The flaming polyurethane test was added and is conducted immediately following the cooking nuisance test to assess the smoke alarm’s ability to distinguish between a hostile and nonhostile fire situation.
UL 217, 10th edition
The 10th edition of UL 217 includes all the requirements of the eighth and ninth editions and adds the harmonized performance requirements applicable to Canada. All new fire test scenarios are the same for U.S.- and Canadian-certified smoke alarms. In addition, low-frequency audibility requirements were included to address smoke alarms that are capable of producing this form of sound output.
Impact on manufacturers
The latest editions present both challenges and opportunities for smoke alarm manufacturers. Meeting the new requirements necessitates a significant investment in research, development and testing beyond the certification of previous editions. Manufacturers must redesign their products to incorporate advanced sensing technologies and intelligent algorithms while complying with the updated fire test scenarios.
The benefits for fire safety, however, are substantial. Alarms that meet the 10th edition of the standard offer enhanced performance, reliability and safety, giving manufacturers a competitive edge in the market. Additionally, compliance with UL 217 helps manufacturers align with evolving building, fire and life-safety codes, as well as insurance requirements and consumer expectations.
Impact on consumers
For consumers, UL 217 promotes technical improvements in fire safety. Smoke alarms that comply with this standard offer several key benefits:
- Reduced nuisance alarms: The latest edition reduces the likelihood of homeowners disabling their alarms by addressing nuisance alarms from cooking and steam.
- Detection: Improved sensitivity to smoldering and flaming fires supports faster detection, giving occupants more time to evacuate.
- Increased confidence: Compliance with UL 217 can help provide homeowners with reassurance that their smoke alarms will perform reliably in current fire conditions.
To take advantage of these benefits, consumers should look for smoke alarms that comply with UL 217. Smoke alarms certified by UL Solutions will bear the Enhanced UL Certification Mark2 to clearly and quickly demonstrate product compliance with UL 217.
Smoke alarms must be replaced when they sound the end-of-life signal or 10 years after the date of manufacture, whichever comes first. Upgrading to the newer alarms is a proactive step toward improving home safety. However, the applicable fire and building codes do not require immediate replacement.
Compliance with building codes and standards
The 10th edition of UL 217 has significant implications for building codes and standards across the United States and internationally. Many jurisdictions have adopted or are in the process of adopting the updated requirements for new construction, specific alterations or alarm replacement, making code compliance with the installation of smoke alarms certified to UL 217 essential for manufacturers, builders and property owners.
For example, the National Fire Alarm and Signaling Code (NFPA 72) references UL 217 as the standard for smoke alarms in residential occupancies. New construction and renovations of occupancies with sleeping areas must include UL 217 Certified (Listed) and labeled smoke alarms to comply with building, fire and life-safety code requirements.
The future of smoke alarm technology
UL 217 incorporates important new performance requirements based on fire research data and recognizes new and innovative technology for safety from fire in today’s fire environment. Safety standards, such as UL 217, are dynamic, consensus-based standards that are continuously revised. As fire dynamics continue to evolve and new technologies emerge, smoke alarms will become even more advanced. Future developments may include:
- Smart smoke alarms: Integration with smart home systems, enabling remote monitoring, alerts and maintenance reminders.
- Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML): Enhanced algorithms that further improve detection accuracy and reduce false alarms.
- Wireless interconnectivity: Alarms that communicate with each other to provide comprehensive coverage and faster notification during fires.
- Low-frequency alarm tone: Alarms that produce a low-frequency audible sound output that research shows may be more effective for alerting people with hearing impairment3.
Conclusion
UL 217 is an essential product safety standard for smoke alarm performance, reflecting the evolving nature of residential fires and advancements in detection technology. By introducing new fire test scenarios, reducing nuisance alarms and improving sensitivity to smoldering and flaming fires, compliance with the standard helps demonstrate that smoke alarms provide reliable and effective protection for building occupants.
Manufacturers, builders and consumers play a role in promoting UL 217 compliant alarms. By installing smoke alarms that meet the 10th edition’s requirements, consumers can have added confidence and peace of mind knowing the latest technology helps to protect them.
In a world where seconds can mean the difference between life and death during a fire, a UL 217 certified smoke alarm sets a new benchmark for smoke alarm performance and reliability.
Citations
1 UL FSRI Home Furnishings Comparison (Natural vs. Synthetic)
2 The UL Mark – Enhanced for the Future
3 Audible Alarm Signal Waking Effectiveness: Literature Review